Process for producing taurine

ABSTRACT

There is disclosed a process for producing taurine in a molar yield of at least 80% from alkali isethionate, alkali ditaurinate, or alkali tritaurinate by adding excess ammonia and at least of equal molar amount of an alkali hydroxide to a solution comprised of alkali ditaurinate, alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture and subjecting the solution to an ammonolysis to yield a solution comprised of alkali taurinate.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. Application Ser. No. 17/176,326, filed onFeb. 16, 2021, which is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. ApplicationSer. No. 16/030,605, filed on Jul. 9, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No.10,961,183, which is a continuation of the U.S. Application Ser. No.15/870,844, filed on Jan. 12, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,040,755, whichis a continuation of the national stage of PCT/US2017/018527, filed onFeb. 17, 2017, which is the U.S. Application Ser. No. 15/228,539, filedon Aug. 4, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,573,890, reissued as US RE48,369,which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application Ser. No. 14/120,651,filed on Jun. 12, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,428,451, reissued as USRE48,392, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application Ser. No.14/120,046, filed on Apr. 18, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,428,450,reissued as US RE48,238, US RE48,333, and US RE48,354, all of which areincorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a cyclic process for the production oftaurine from alkali isethionate and from alkali vinyl sulfonate in ahigh overall yield, i.e., greater than 90%, in particular, greater than95%, by continuously converting the byproducts of the ammonolysisreaction, alkali ditaurinate and alkali tritaurinate, to alkalitaurinate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Taurine can be referred to as 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid and is one ofthe amino sulfonic acids found in the tissues of many animals. Taurineis an extremely useful compound because it has such pharmacologicaleffects as detoxification effect, fatigue-relieving effect andnourishing and tonifying effect. As a result, taurine finds wideapplications as an essential ingredient for human and animal nutrition.

Taurine is currently produced in an amount of over 60,000 tons per yearfrom ethylene oxide and monoethanolamine. At present time, most of thetaurine is produced from ethylene oxide, following a three-step process:(1) the addition reaction of ethylene oxide with sodium bisulfite toyield sodium isethionate; (2) the ammonolysis of sodium isethionate toyield sodium taurinate; (3) the neutralization with an acid, i.e.,hydrochloric acid and, preferably, sulfuric acid, to generate taurineand inorganic salts.

Although the ethylene oxide process is well established and widelypracticed in commercial production, the overall yield is not very high,less than 80%. Moreover, the process generates a large amount of wastestream that is increasingly difficult to dispose of.

The first stage of the ethylene oxide process, the addition reaction ofethylene oxide with sodium bisulfite, is known to yield sodiumisethionate in high yield, practically quantitative, as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 2,820,818 under specified conditions.

Therefore, the problems encountered in the production of taurine fromthe ethylene oxide process arise from the ammonolysis of sodiumisethionate and from the separation of taurine from sodium sulfate.

U.S. Pat. No. 1,932,907 discloses that sodium taurinate is obtained in ayield of 80%, when sodium isethionate undergoes ammonolysis reaction ina molar ratio of 1:6.8 for 2 hrs at 240 to 250° C. U.S. Pat. No.1,999,614 describes the use of catalysts, i.e., sodium sulfate, sodiumsulfite, and sodium carbonate, in the ammonolysis reaction. A mixture ofsodium taurinate and sodium ditaurinate is obtained in a yield as highas 97%. However, the percentage for sodium taurinate and sodiumditaurinate in the mixture is not specified.

DD 219 023 describes detailed results on the product distribution of theammonolysis reaction of sodium isethionate. When sodium isethionateundergoes the ammonolysis reaction with 25% aqueous ammonia in a molarratio of 1:9 at about 280° C. for 45 minutes in the presence of sodiumsulfate and sodium hydroxide as catalyst, the reaction products comprise71% of sodium taurinate and 29% of sodium di- and tri-taurinate.

WO 01/77071 is directed to a process for the preparation of ditaurine byheating an aqueous solution of sodium taurinate at a temperature of 210°C. in the presence of a reaction medium. A mixture of sodium taurinateand sodium ditaurinate is obtained.

From these prior arts, it is therefore concluded that the ammonolysis ofsodium isethionate invariably yields a mixture of sodium taurinate,sodium ditaurinate, and sodium tritaurinate. The percentage yield ofsodium taurinate has not been more than 80%.

In order to obtain taurine from sodium taurinate, U.S. Pat. No.2,693,488 discloses a method of using ion exchange resins, firststrongly acid ion exchange resin in hydrogen form, and then an anionexchange resin in basic form. This process is complicated and requiresthe use of large quantity of acid and base to regenerate the ionexchange resins in each production cycle.

On the other hand, CN101508657, CN101508658, CN101508659, andCN101486669 describe a method of using sulfuric acid to neutralizesodium taurinate to obtain a solution of taurine and sodium sulfate.Crude taurine is easily obtained by filtration from a crystallinesuspension of taurine after cooling. However, the waste mother liquorstill contains taurine, sodium sulfate, and other unspecified organicimpurities. It is desirable to have available a process for furtherseparation of these components to achieve an economical process and toreduce the amount of waste stream.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to disclose acyclic process for the production of taurine from alkali isethionate andfrom alkali vinyl sulfonate in a high overall yield, i.e., greater than90%, in particular, greater than 95%. According to the process in thepresent invention, sodium ditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate,byproducts from the ammonolysis of sodium isethionate or sodium vinylsulfonate, are continuously converted to sodium taurinate in theammonolysis stage.

It is another object of the present invention to disclose a process forthe preparation of pure sodium ditaurinate and pure sodium tritaurinate,and their conversion to sodium taurinate. When sodium ditaurinate andsodium tritaurinate are reacted with aqueous ammonia under ammonolysisreaction conditions, a mixture of similar compositions of sodiumtaurinate, ditaurinate, and tritaurinate is formed in an equilibriumstate. This novel finding renders the cyclic process possible.

It is a further object of the present invention to disclose a processfor the complete separation of taurine and sodium sulfate from eachother and from the byproducts, i.e., sodium ditaurinate and sodiumtritaurinate. According to the process in the present invention, theresidual taurine and sodium sulfate are separated from sodiumditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate by a process of co-crystallizationof taurine and Glauber’s salt at a temperature from 0 to 20° C. Thecrystalline mixture of taurine and sodium sulfate is then separated fromeach other, while the mother liquor, consisting of taurine, monosodiumditaurinate, and monosodium tritaurinate, is suitable for recycling tothe ammonolysis step to prepare sodium taurinate.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 . Schematic flowchart for the cyclic production of taurine fromsodium isethionate or sodium vinyl sulfate.

FIG. 2 . Schematic flowchart for the cyclic production of taurine fromsodium isethionate or sodium vinyl sulfate.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a cyclic process for the production oftaurine from alkali isethionate, which is a key intermediate for theethylene oxide, ethanol, and ethylene processes. This cyclic process isalso applied to the production of taurine from alkali vinyl sulfonate,another intermediate for the ethanol and ethylene processes.

For the production of taurine, sodium isethionate and sodium vinylsulfonate are preferably used, but other alkali metals, i.e., lithium,potassium, and cesium, are equally suitable. In the drawings andfollowing description, only sodium is used in replace of alkali metalsto describe the process.

In order to achieve the cyclic process, the present invention disclosesa novel finding and process for converting sodium ditaurinate and sodiumtritaurinate, byproducts of the ammonolysis of sodium isethionate, tosodium taurinate under the ammonolysis conditions. According to thecyclic process in the present invention, sodium isethionate and sodiumvinyl sulfonate are converted to sodium taurinate in a practicallyquantitative yield. A complete separation of taurine with sodium sulfateaccording to the process in the present invention ensures that taurineis obtained in high yield, i.e., greater than 90%, in particular greaterthan 95% on the basis of sodium isethionate or sodium vinyl sulfonate.

Although sodium ditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate are mentioned in theprior arts, preparation of pure products is not known. The presentinvention describes a method for the preparation of pure sodiumditaurinate and pure sodium tritaurinate from diethanolamine andtriethanolamine, respectively.

To prepare sodium ditaurinate, diethanolamine is first reacted withexcess thionyl chloride to form bis(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride inquantitative yield, which undergoes sulfonation with sodium sulfite toyield the expected product. When triethanolamine is used in the samesequence of reactions, tris(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride isobtained as an intermediate, disodium tritaurinate is obtained as anaqueous solution, along with sodium chloride. The reaction schemes areas follows:

The sodium ditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate in the solution thusprepared are present in a neutral state. To the solution comprised ofsodium ditaurinate or sodium tritaurinate is added sodium hydroxide toform disodium ditaurinate or trisodium tritaurinate. The molar amount ofsodium hydroxide added is at least equal to the molar amount of sodiumditaurinate or sodium tritaurinate. The solution comprised of disodiumditaurinate or trisodium tritaurinate is then added ammonia and issubjected to the ammonolysis reaction under the same conditions at atemperature of 220° C. for 2 hours, a mixture of similar compositions,i.e., sodium taurinate (74%), sodium ditaurinate (23%), and sodiumtritaurinate (3%), is obtained. Clearly, an equilibrium state is reachedamong the three taurinates, irrespective of the starting materials.

This novel finding renders possible the cyclic process for preparingtaurine from sodium isethionate and from sodium vinyl sulfonate, becausethe inevitable byproducts of the ammonolysis step, i.e., sodiumditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate, can be continuously converted tosodium taurinate in each successive cycle.

FIG. 1 describes the detailed unit operations for the cyclic process forthe production and isolation of taurine from sodium isethionate. Thecycle is equally applicable for the production of taurine from sodiumvinyl sulfonate.

The cyclic process starts from the ammonolysis of sodium isethionate orsodium vinyl sulfonate in aqueous ammonia at a temperature of 150 to270° C. under a pressure from the autogenous to 260 bars, andoptionally, in the presence of catalysts. Usually, catalysts are thealkaline salts of sodium, potassium and lithium. Such salts are sodiumhydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium carbonate,potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfite,potassium sulfate, potassium sulfite. Any one or a combination of two ormore these salts can be used as catalyst to influence the reaction.

After the ammonolysis reaction, the excess ammonia is dispelled from thereaction solution and reclaimed for reuse. Sodium taurinate is obtained,along with sodium ditaurinate, sodium tritaurinate, and unreacted sodiumisethionate.

The strongly basic solution is neutralized with sulfuric acid to pH 5-7to yield mainly taurine, sodium sulfate, sodium ditaurinate, and sodiumtritaurinate. The content of taurine and sodium sulfate is in a molarratio of 1:0.5 to 1:0.6, and nearly the same in terms of their weight.

The initial solution is optionally concentrated, then cooled to 28 to35° C., to crystallize taurine. The first batch of crude taurine isobtained by filtration, while sodium sulfate remains in solution. Lowertemperature is to be avoided to prevent the crystallization of sodiumsulfate.

It is important to point out that sodium sulfate has the maximumsolubility at a temperature of 33° C. as shown in FIG. 2 . Thesolubility of sodium sulfate decreases slightly from 33 to 100° C., butdrastically from 33 to 0° C. Moreover, sodium sulfate crystallizes asanhydrous form above 40° C., but as Glauber’s salt, i.e., sodium sulfatedecahydrate at a temperature below 30° C.

The mother liquor is now consisted of about 30% of sodium sulfate andabout 10% of taurine, along with various percentages of sodiumditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate. This solution is concentrated toabout one half to one third of its original volume in an evaporativecrystallizer, at a temperature from 70 to 95° C., preferably 75 to 85°C., to yield a suspension of sodium sulfate, which is removed byfiltration at the same temperature. The temperature is kept high enoughto prevent the crystallization of taurine at this stage.

The filtration mother liquor, now saturated with sodium sulfate and richin taurine, is cooled to 33-35° C. in the 1^(st) cooling crystallizer tocrystallize the second crop of crude taurine.

The cycle of evaporative crystallization at higher temperature,preferably from 75 to 85° C., to remove sodium sulfate, and the firstcooling crystallization at lower temperature, preferably at 33-35° C.,can be continued until the solid content of impurities, mainly sodiumditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate, accumulates to about 30% of thesolid content in the mother liquor.

The mother liquor from the first cooling crystallization stage can bereturned to the ammonolysis step. Preferably, the mother liquor iscooled to 10 to 15° C. in the 2^(nd) cooling crystallizer toco-crystallize taurine and sodium sulfate decahydrate, i.e., Glauber’ssalt. The co-crystalline mixture is removed from the mother liquor bycentrifuge and returned to a dissolution and preheat unit for theevaporative crystallization step. It becomes apparent that lowertemperature may be used, but excessive cooling is required to beeconomical. At higher temperature, removal of sodium sulfate is notcomplete.

The mother liquor from the second cooling crystallization stage isusually comprised of 25-30% of sodium ditaurinate and tritaurinate, 5-7%of taurine, and 7-8% of sodium sulfate. Sodium hydroxide is then addedin an amount sufficient to turn taurine to sodium taurinate, sodiumditaurinate to disodium ditaurinate, and disodium tritaurinate totrisodium tritaurinate. In other words, the molar amount of sodiumhydroxide is equal to, or slightly more than, the molar amount of totaltaurinates in the solution. After the addition of the at least equalmolar amount of sodium hydroxide, the solution is comprised of disodiumditaurinate, trisodium tritaurinate, and sodium taurinate from theresidual taurine. The solution is then saturated with ammonia to 15 to28% and returned to the ammonolysis step for an ammonolysis resolution.Sodium taurinate is obtained in a yield of at least 70% from the totalmolar amount of sodium ditaurinate, sodium tritaurinate, and residualtaurine in the mother liquor.

Optionally, the mother liquor solution comprised of disodium ditaurinateand trisodium tritaurinate may be combined with a new batch of sodiumisethionate to obtain a solution comprised of sodium isethionate,disodium ditaurinate, and trisodium tritaurinate. This solution ofsodium isethionate and the recycled mother liquor comprised of disodiumditaurinate and trisodium tritaurinate is returned to the ammonolysisstage for an ammonolysis reaction.

FIG. 2 illustrates another detailed unit operation for the cyclicprocess for the production and isolation of taurine from sodiumisethionate, wherein sodium sulfate is separated from the mother liquorby adjusting the pH. The cycle is equally applicable to the productionof taurine from sodium vinyl sulfonate.

Although the solubility of sodium sulfate and taurine shows the samedecreasing trend as the temperature is lowered from 33° C. to 0° C., ithas now been found that the solubility of taurine can be drasticallyincreased by converting taurine to ammonium taurinate or sodiumtaurinate. This is achieved by adjusting the pH of the mother liquorfrom 5-6 to a pH of 10-12 by adding an aqueous solution of ammonia orsodium hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide. The solubility of sodiumtaurinate is found to be more than 90 g/100 g in water from 0° C. to 30°C. Taurine is soluble to 36 g in 100 g of 25% aqueous ammonia at roomtemperature. After the pH adjustment, the taurine is converted to sodiumtaurinate, sodium ditaurinate becomes disodium ditaurinate, and sodiumtritaurinate becomes trisodium tritaurinate in the mother liquor.

It is also found that the solubility of sodium sulfate can be furtherdecreased by saturating aqueous solution of sodium sulfate with ammonia.It is thus possible to effectively separate sodium sulfate from residualtaurine by simply adjusting the pH of the mother liquor and, optionally,saturating the mother liquor with ammonia. Upon cooling in the 2^(nd)cooling crystallizer, only sodium sulfate is precipitated from themother liquor and removed by filtration.

If ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is used to adjust the pH, the motherliquor after removal of sodium sulfate needs to be fortified with sodiumhydroxide to facilitate the ammonolysis of ditaurinate and tritaurinateto taurinate. The amount of sodium hydroxide used is from 2 to 30% ofthe amount of total taurinates. Preferably, the molar amount of sodiumhydroxide is at least equal to the total molar amount of sodiumditaurinate, sodium tritaurinate, and residual taurine to form disodiumditaurinate, trisodium tritaurinate, and sodium taurinate.

The mother liquor from the 2^(nd) cooling crystallization stage afterseparating sodium sulfate is usually comprised of 25-30% of sodiumditaurinate and tritaurinate, 8-9% of sodium taurinate, and 5-8% ofsodium sulfate. If sodium hydroxide is used to adjust the pH, thissolution is then saturated with ammonia to 15 to 28% and returned to theammonolysis step. If ammonium hydroxide is used to adjust the pH, thensufficient amount of sodium hydroxide is added to the solution. Thesolution is then saturated with ammonia to 15 to 28% and returned to theammonolysis step for an ammonolysis resolution. Sodium taurinate isobtained in a yield of at least 70% from the total molar amount ofsodium ditaurinate, sodium tritaurinate, and residual taurine in themother liquor.

Optionally, the mother liquor solution comprised of disodium ditaurinateand trisodium tritaurinate may be combined with a new batch of sodiumisethionate to obtain a solution comprised of sodium isethionate,disodium ditaurinate, and trisodium tritaurinate. This solution ofsodium isethionate and the recycled mother liquor comprised of disodiumditaurinate and trisodium tritaurinate is returned to the ammonolysisstage for an ammonolysis reaction.

Some of the mother liquor from the 2^(nd) cooling crystallization needsto be purged from the cycle, when uncharacterized impurities start toadversely influence the quality of the product. The amount of purgesolution in each cycle depends on the quality of starting materials, inparticular, sodium isethionate and sodium vinyl sulfonate. If crudesodium isethionate in the ethylene oxide process is used, purge isrequired in about every five to eight cycles, because ethylene glycol, abyproduct from the reaction of ethylene oxide with water, starts toaccumulate. If sodium isethionate is prepared from ethanol and ethylene,no purge is necessary at all.

Crude taurine obtained in the cyclic process is recrystallized fromdeionized water one or more times to yield a product of pharmaceuticalgrade. The recrystallization mother liquor may be reused several timesuntil it affects the quality of the product obtained. This motherliquor, consisting of residual taurine, sodium sulfate, and impurities,is then sent to dissolution and preheat unit for the evaporativecrystallization.

It should be appreciated that no waste is generated in the cyclicprocess according to the present invention for the production of taurinefrom ethanol and ethylene, because sodium sulfate, discharged in thecyclic process, is recycled continuously to prepare sodium isethionateand sodium vinyl sulfonate.

The process according to the present invention can be carried outdiscontinuously, semi-continuously, and continuously.

The present invention relates to a process for the production of taurineby the ammonolysis reaction of alkali isethionate in the presence ofalkali ditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture, to inhibitthe formation of byproducts, to increase the production yield, and togreatly reduce the waste discharge from the production process.

The process according to the present invention starts with mixing asolution of alkali ditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture,with alkali isethionate, followed by addition of an excess of ammonia.The ammonolysis is carried out at a temperature from 160° C. to 260° C.under the pressure from autogenous to 260 bars for 1 to 6 hours.

After the ammonolysis reaction, excess ammonia is dispelled from thereaction solution and reclaimed for reuse. A solution of alkalitaurinate is obtained, along with alkali ditaurinate, alkalitritaurinate, and a trace amount of unreacted alkali isethionate.

The strongly basic solution is neutralized with an acid to pH 5-9 toyield a crystalline suspension of taurine in a solution of alkali salt,alkali ditaurinate, alkali tritaurinate, and a small amount of unreactedalkali isethionate. The initial suspension is optionally concentrated,then cooled to 28 to 35° C., to crystallize taurine. Taurine is obtainedby means of solid-liquid separation.

The ratio of alkali ditaurinate, alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture,in relation to alkali isethionate can be varied from 0.01 to 10 byweight, preferably 0.1 to 1, more preferably 0.2-0.5, most preferably0.3-0.4.

When the ratio is low, i.e., <0.1, a large amount of alkali isethionateis converted to alkali ditaurinate, instead of desired alkali taurinate,thus lowering the production yield and efficiency. When the ratio is toolarge, i.e., >1.0, the amount of the recycling byproducts becomesexcessively large and the production capacity is lowered. Moreover, thecyclic process is not steady as the byproduct is indeed converted alkalitaurinate.

Useful and effective catalysts are found among the alkali salts ofhydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfate, sulfate, bisulfite,sulfite, nitrate, phosphate, chlorate, and perchlorate. Such salts aresodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithiumcarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate,potassium bicarbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassiumcarbonate, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, lithiumphosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, lithium sulfite,sodium sulfite, and potassium sulfite.

The catalyst for the ammonolysis reaction of alkali isethionate can beone component or a combination of two or more components. Catalystsexogenous to the reaction system can be used, but catalysts inherentlypresent in the production process are preferred. When sulfuric acid isused as a neutralizing acid, alkali salts of sulfate are preferred.Alkali salts of sulfite are preferred in the sulfur dioxide process.

Preferable catalysts are alkali hydroxide and the most preferablecatalyst is sodium hydroxide.

The amount of the catalyst used is not limited, but is usually from 0.01to 10 in molar ratio of the catalyst to alkali isethionate. The ratio ispreferably in the range of 0.01 to 1, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5, mostpreferably 0.2 to 0.3. In the preferred range of the catalyst, theamount of alkali hydroxide is at least equal to the molar amount ofalkali ditaurinate, alkali tritaurine, or their mixture in theirrespective mixture with alkali isethionate. A suitable amount ofcatalyst can be selected by those skilled in the art for the ammonolysisreaction to complete in desired time. After the addition of at least anequal molar amount of alkali hydroxide, the alkali ditaurinate andalkali tritaurinate in the mixture with alkali isethionate are convertedto dialkali ditaurinate and trialkali tritaurinate, respectively.

The acid used in the neutralization process is selected fromhydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid, and organic carboxylic acids containing one to sixcarbons. Sulfuric acid is most preferably used.

Tables I to III demonstrate the effectiveness of the presence of alkaliditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture, on the ammonolysisof alkali isethionate to alkali taurinate, respectively. It becomesapparent that the conversion of alkali isethionate to alkali taurinatecan reach nearly quantitative yield under disclosed conditions.

Table IV shows the effect of a different catalyst on the ammonolysis ofalkali isethionate to alkali taurinate. When no catalyst is added to theammonolysis reaction, low conversion of alkali isethionate is observed.

EXAMPLES

The following examples will illustrate the practice of this inventionbut are not intended to limit its scope.

Example 1

This example relates to the preparation of sodium ditaurinate and itsreaction with aqueous ammonia under ammonolysis reaction conditions.

Into a 1 L flask, equipped a refluxing condenser, is added 31.5 g (0.30mole) of diethanolamine and 300 mL of dichloroethane, then 51.0 mL ofthionyl chloride. Solid suspension formed immediately after the additionof thionyl chloride and then dissolved upon warming to 50° C. Duringrefluxing, the solid suspension is dissolved and then the crystallinesolid appears. The crystalline suspension is refluxed while beingstirred for 3 hrs. The reaction is quenched by adding 20 mL of methanoland the solvents are removed under vacuum. A white crystalline material,bis(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride, weighted 53.0 g, is obtained in aquantitative yield.

To the flask is added 500 mL of deionized water, 100 g of sodiumsulfite. The solution is stirred at a temperature first at 50-60° C. for3 hrs, then at 95° C. for 4 hrs. HPLC and LC-MS shows completeconversion of the starting material to the desired sodium ditaurinate.

The excess sodium sulfite is destroyed by addition of 40 mL of 30%hydrochloric acid, followed by careful adjustment of pH to 6-7 withsodium carbonate. The solution consists of practically pure sodiumditaurinate and sodium chloride. The solution may be used directly inthe ammonolysis reaction.

To obtain pure sodium ditaurinate, the aqueous solution is vacuum driedto give a white solid. Into the flask is added 600 mL of anhydrousmethanol, and the suspension is refluxed for 30 minutes to dissolvesodium ditaurinate in methanol. After filtration to remove sodiumchloride, the methanol solution is cooled to room temperature tocrystallize pure sodium ditaurinate, which is used as analyticalstandard.

Crude sodium ditaurinate, prepared from 0.30 mole of diethanolamine, isdissolved in 300 mL of water containing 26.0 g of sodium hydroxide. Thesolution is then mixed with 600 mL of 25% aqueous ammonia and heated inan autoclave at 220° C. for 2 hrs.

HPLC analysis of the reaction solution shows the formation of sodiumtaurinate (74%), sodium ditaurinate (24%), and sodium tritaurinate (2%)on the molar basis.

Example 2

This example relates to the preparation of sodium tritaurinate and itsreaction with aqueous ammonia under ammonolysis reaction conditions.

Into a 1 L flask, equipped with a refluxing condenser, is added 29.8 g(0.20 mole) of triethanolamine, 300 mL of dichloroethane, then 51.0 mLof thionyl chloride. The mixture is heated to reflux for 4 hrs. Thereaction is quenched by adding 20 mL of methanol. Removal of solventgives a white crystalline mass of tris(2-chloroethylamine) hydrochloridein quantitative yield.

To the flask is added 500 mL of deionized water, 100 g of sodiumsulfite. An oil phase is separated first. After heating at 60° C. for 2hrs and 98° C. for 5 hrs, the oil phase disappears and a clear solutionis obtained. HPLC and LC-MS shows complete conversion of the startingmaterial to the desired sodium tritaurinate.

The crude reaction solution is transferred to a 2 L autoclave, to which26 g of sodium hydroxide and 600 mL of 25% aqueous ammonia are added.The autoclave is heated to 220° C. for 2 hrs to carry out theammonolysis reaction.

HPLC and LC-MS analysis shows that sodium tritaurinate is converted to amixture of sodium taurinate (72%), sodium ditaurinate (23%), and sodiumtritaurinate (5%) on the molar basis.

Example 3

This example demonstrates the conversion of sodium ditaurinate andsodium tritaurinate in the recrystallization mother liquor to sodiumtaurinate.

To 200 mL of the mother liquor from 2^(nd) cooling crystallizationstage, composed of sodium ditaurinate (25% by wt), sodium tritaurinate(3% by wt), taurine (5% by wt), and sodium sulfate (6% by wt), is added15 g of sodium hydroxide, 500 mL of 25% aqueous ammonia. The solution isheated in a 2 L autoclave at 220° C. for 2 hrs to carry out theammonolysis reaction.

HPLC and LC-MS analysis shows that the reaction solution is comprised ofthe following taurinates: sodium taurinate (76%), sodium ditaurinate(21%), and sodium tritaurinate (3%) on the molar basis.

Example 4

This example is directed to a process for the separation of taurine fromsodium sulfate and from sodium ditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate.

A starting solution is prepared by first boiling the solution from theammonolysis reaction to remove excess ammonia, and then adding enoughsulfuric acid to pH 5-7. The solution is consisted of 30% taurine, 26%sodium sulfate, and 7% sodium di- and tri-taurinates.

2000 g of the starting solution is cooled from 80° C. to 33° C. to forma slurry consisting essentially of the first crop of crystallizedtaurine, which is separated by filtration at 33° C. and washed with 100g of cold water. The recovered taurine is dried and weighed 398 g.

The separated mother liquor, weighed 1580 g, is boiled to evaporate to900 g to form a slurry of sodium sulfate. This slurry is cooled to 80°C. and filtered to recover sodium sulfate, weighed 304 g.

The mother liquor, containing 202 g of taurine and 216 g of sodiumsulfate, is cooled to 33° C. to form a second slurry of taurine. Afterfiltration and washing with cold water, 124 g of taurine is obtained.

The mother liquor from the previous step, now containing 78 of taurineand 216 g of sodium sulfate, is cooled to 10° C. in 2 hrs to obtainslurry of taurine and Glauber’s salt. The crystalline solid is obtainedas a mixture of taurine and sodium sulfate decahydrate.

This final mother liquor, about 500 g, is consisted of sodiumditaurinate and tritaurinate (28%, 140 g), taurine (24 g, 4.8%), andsodium sulfate (35 g, 7%). This solution is used for the ammonolysisreaction.

Example 5

This example is directed to a process for the separation of sodiumsulfate from sodium taurinate, sodium ditaurinate, and sodiumtritaurinate.

A starting solution is prepared by first boiling the solution from theammonolysis reaction to remove excess ammonia, and then adding enoughsulfuric acid to pH 5-7. The solution is consisted of 30% taurine, 26%sodium sulfate, and 7% sodium di- and tri-taurinates.

2000 g of the starting solution is cooled from 80° C. to 33° C. to forma slurry consisting essentially of the first crop of crystallizedtaurine, which is separated by filtration at 33° C. and washed with 100g of cold water. The recovered taurine is dried and weighed 398 g.

The separated mother liquor, weighed 1580 g, is boiled to evaporate to900 g to form a slurry of sodium sulfate. This slurry is cooled to 80°C. and filtered to recover sodium sulfate, weighed 304 g.

The mother liquor, containing 202 g of taurine and 216 g of sodiumsulfate, is cooled to 33° C. to form second slurry of taurine. Afterfiltration and washing with cold water, 124 g of taurine is obtained.

The mother liquor from the previous step, now containing 78 of taurineand 216 g of sodium sulfate, is added a solution of sodium hydroxide topH 11, saturated with ammonia, and cooled to 10° C. in 2 hours to obtaina slurry of sodium sulfate, which is removed by filtration.

This final mother liquor, about 500 g, is consisted of sodiumditaurinate and tritaurinate (28%, 140 g), sodium taurinate (78 g, 15%),and sodium sulfate (35 g, 7%). This solution is used for the ammonolysisreaction.

Example 6

This set of examples relates to the ammonolysis of sodium isethionate inthe presence of sodium ditaurinate and in the presence of sodiumhydroxide.

All examples are for 0.05 mole of sodium isethionate, dissolved in 35 mLof 20% aqueous ammonia solution in a molar ratio of 1:8 for sodiumisethionate to ammonia. Calculated amount of sodium ditaurinate andsodium hydroxide is then added to the solution. The ammonolysis reactionis carried out in an 100 mL autoclave at 220° C. under autogenouspressure for two hours. The content of taurine, ditaurine, andtritaurine is assayed by HPLC analysis. The yields are calculatedaccording to the following formula:

Taurinate Yield(%) = [Taurine]/[Sodium Isethionate]

Di+Tritaurinate Yield(%) = [Di+Tritaurine-Added Ditaurine]/[Sodium Isethionate]

TABLE I Ammonolysis of Sodium Isethionate in the Presence of SodiumDitaurinate Ex Ditaurinate/Isethionate (ratio by weight)NaOH/Isethionate (ratio by weight) Taurinate (molar yield%)Di+Tritaurinate (molar yield %) 1 0 0.01 75 24 2 0.1 0.01 84 15 3 0.20.01 86 14 4 0.3 0.01 87 13 5 0.3 0.02 91 9 6 0.3 0.03 93 7 7 0.3 0.0495 5 8 0.3 0.05 98 2 9 0.5 0.15 112 -12 10 1.0 0.20 145 -45

Example 7

This set of examples relates to the ammonolysis of sodium isethionate inthe presence of sodium tritaurinate and in the presence of sodiumhydroxide.

All examples are for 0.05 mole of sodium isethionate, dissolved in 35 mLof 20% aqueous ammonia solution in a molar ratio of 1:8 for sodiumisethionate to ammonia. Calculated amount of sodium tritaurinate andsodium hydroxide is then added to the solution. The ammonolysis reactionis carried out in an 100 mL autoclave at 220° C. under autogenouspressure for two hours. The content of taurine, ditaurine, andtritaurine is assayed by HPLC analysis. The yields are calculatedaccording to the following formula:

Taurinate Yield(%) = [Taurine]/[Sodium Isethionate]

Di+Tritaurinate Yield(%) = [Di+Tritaurine-Added Tritaurine]/[Sodium Isethionate]

TABLE II Ammonolysis of Sodium Isethionate in the Presence of SodiumTritaurinate Ex Tritaurinate/Isethionate (ratio by weight)NaOH/Isethionate (ratio by weight) Taurinate (molar yield%)Di+Tritaurinate (molar yield %) 11 0 0.01 76 24 12 0.1 0.01 83 16 13 0.20.01 86 14 14 0.3 0.01 87 13 15 0.3 0.02 88 11 16 0.3 0.03 94 6 17 0.30.04 94 5 18 0.3 0.05 98 2 19 0.5 0.15 121 -20 20 1.0 0.20 151 -49

Example 8

This set of examples relates to the ammonolysis of sodium isethionate inthe presence of a mixture of sodium ditaurinate and sodium tritaurinateobtained from the mother liquor of taurine crystallization and in thepresence of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfate.

All examples are for 0.05 mole of sodium isethionate, dissolved in 35 mLof 20% aqueous ammonia solution in a molar ratio of 1:8 for sodiumisethionate to ammonia. Calculated amount sodium hydroxide is then addedto the solution. A mixture of sodium ditaurinate and sodiumtritaurinate, obtained from the crystallization mother liquor describedas in Appl. No 14/120,046 is used. The ammonolysis reaction is carriedout in a 100 mL autoclave at 220° C. under autogenous pressure for twohours. The content of taurine, ditaurine, and tritaurine is assayed byHPLC analysis. The yields are calculated according to the followingformula:

Taurinate Yield(%) = [Taurine]/[Sodium Isethionate]

Di+Tritaurinate Yield(%) = [Di+Tritaurine-(Added Di+Tritaurine)]/[Sodium Isethionate]

TABLE III Ammonolysis of Sodium Isethionate in the Presence of a Mixtureof Sodium Ditaurinate and Sodium Tritaurinate Ex(Di+Tritaurinate)/Isethionate (ratio by weight) NaOH/Isethionate (ratioby weight) Taurinate (molar yield%) Di+Tritaurinate (molar yield %) 21 00.01 81 19 22 0.1 0.01 84 16 23 0.2 0.01 87 12 24 0.3 0.01 87 13 25 0.30.02 88 11 26 0.3 0.03 95 4 27 0.3 0.04 96 4 28 0.3 0.05 98 2 29 0.50.15 126 -26 30 1.0 0.20 154 -53

Example 9

This set of examples shows the effect of a different catalyst on theammonolysis of sodium isethionate in the presence of a mixture of sodiumditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate obtained from the mother liquor oftaurine crystallization.

All examples are for 0.05 mole of sodium isethionate, dissolved in 35 mLof 20% aqueous ammonia solution in a molar ratio of 1:8 for sodiumisethionate to ammonia. Calculated amount catalyst and a mixture ofsodium ditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate, obtained from thecrystallization mother liquor described as in Appl. No 14/120,046, areadded to the solution. The ratio of (di+tritaurinate)/isethionate byweight is fixed at 0.3. The ammonolysis reaction is carried out in an100 mL autoclave at 220° C. under autogenous pressure for two hours. Thecontent of taurine, ditaurine, and tritaurine is assayed by HPLCanalysis. The yields are calculated according to the following formula:

Taurinate Yield(%) = [Taurine]/[Sodium Isethionate]

Di+Tritaurinate Yield(%) = [Di+Tritaurine-(Added Di+Tritaurine)]/[Sodium Isethionate]

TABLE IV Effect of Catalyst on Ammonolysis of Sodium Isethionate in thePresence of a Mixture of Sodium Ditaurinate and Sodium Tritaurinate ExCatalyst Catalyst/Isethionate (ratio by weight) Taurinate (molar yield%)Di+Tritaurinate (molar yield %) 31 None 0 55 12 32 Sodium carbonate 0.1596 4 33 Sodium sulfite 0.15 95 4 34 Potassium hydroxide 0.10 97 3 35Potassium carbonate 0.15 94 6 36 Potassium sulfite 0.10 94 6 37 Lithiumhydroxide 0.03 95 4 38 Lithium carbonate 0.10 93 7 39 Sodium phosphate0.15 97 3 40 Potassium phosphate 0.15 96 4 41 Potassium acetate 0.20 964 42 Sodium acetate 0.20 96 4

It will be understood that the foregoing examples and explanation arefor illustrative purposes only and that various modifications of thepresent invention will be self-evident to those skilled in the art. Suchmodifications are to be included within the spirit and purview of thisapplication and the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing taurine in a molar yieldof at least 80% on the basis of alkali isethionate in more than onevessel, comprising: (a) adding alkali hydroxide and excess ammonia to asolution comprised of alkali isethionate and a mother liquor solution ora mother liquor solution; wherein the alkali is lithium, sodium,potassium, or a mixture thereof; (b) subjecting the solution of step (a)to an ammonolysis; (c) removing excess ammonia from the solution of step(b) to obtain a solution comprising alkali taurinate; and (d) convertingthe alkali taurinate of step (c) to taurine.
 2. The process according toclaim 1, wherein the mother liquor solution is produced from alkaliisethionate in a process comprising the steps of: (1) adding alkalihydroxide and excess ammonia to a solution comprised of alkaliisethionate; wherein the alkali is lithium, sodium, potassium, or amixture thereof; (2) subjecting the solution of step (1) to anammonolysis; (3) removing excess ammonia from the solution of step (2)to obtain a solution comprising alkali taurinate; (4) converting thealkali taurinate of step (3) to taurine; and (5) isolating the taurineof step (4) to form a mother liquor solution.
 3. The process accordingto claim 2, wherein the mother liquor solution is comprised of alkaliditaurinate, alkali isethionate, and alkali tritaurinate.
 4. The processaccording to claim 2, wherein the mother liquor solution is comprised ofalkali isethionate and alkali ditaurinate.
 5. The process according toclaim 1, wherein the alkali taurinate is converted to taurine byreacting with an acid.
 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein theacid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid,hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, andorganic carboxylic acid.
 7. The process according to claim 1, whereinthe alkali taurinate is converted to taurine by reacting with an ionexchange resin.
 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alkalihydroxide is added to the solution of alkali isethionate and motherliquor solution or a mother liquor solution in a molar amount at leastequal to the molar amount of total taurinates in the mother liquorsolution; wherein taurinates are selected from the group consisting ofalkali ditaurinate and alkali tritaurinate.
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)11. (canceled)
 12. (canceled)
 13. (canceled)
 14. (canceled) 15.(canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. (canceled)
 19. (canceled)20. (canceled)
 21. A process for producing taurine in more than onevessel, comprising: (a) adding alkali hydroxide to a solution comprisedof alkali isethionate and a mother liquor solution or a mother liquorsolution to a pH of at least 10; wherein the alkali is lithium, sodium,potassium, or a mixture thereof; (b) adding excess ammonia to thesolution of step (a) and subjecting the solution to an ammonolysis; (c)removing excess ammonia from the solution of step (b) to obtain asolution comprising alkali taurinate; and (d) converting the alkalitaurinate of step (c) to taurine.
 22. The process according to claim 21,wherein the mother liquor solution is produced from alkali isethionatein a process comprising the steps of: (1) adding alkali hydroxide andexcess ammonia to a solution comprised of alkali isethionate; whereinthe alkali is lithium, sodium, potassium, or a mixture thereof; (2)subjecting the solution of step (1) to an ammonolysis; (3) removingexcess ammonia from the solution of step (2) to obtain a solutioncomprising alkali taurinate; (4) converting the alkali taurinate of step(3) to taurine; and (5) isolating the taurine of step (4) to form amother liquor solution.
 23. The process according to claim 21, whereinthe alkali taurinate is converted to taurine by neutralizing with anacid.
 24. The process according to claim 23, wherein the acid isselected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid,hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and organic carboxylicacid.
 25. The process according to claim 21, wherein the alkalitaurinate is converted to taurine by reacting with an ion exchangeresin.
 26. The process according to claim 21, wherein the mother liquorsolution is comprised of alkali isethionate, alkali ditaurinate, andalkali tritaurinate.
 27. The process according to claim 21, wherein themother liquor solution is comprised of alkali isethionate and alkaliditaurinate.
 28. A process for producing taurine in a molar yield of atleast 80% on the basis of alkali isethionate in more than one vessel,comprising: (a) adding a catalyst and excess ammonia to a solutioncomprised of alkali isethionate and alkali ditaurinate or alkalitritaurinate or a mixture of alkali ditaurinate and alkali tritaurinate;wherein the alkali is lithium, sodium, potassium, or a mixture thereof;and wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of alkalihydroxide, alkali carbonate, and a mixture thereof. (b) subjecting thesolution of step (a) to an ammonolysis; (c) removing excess ammonia fromthe solution of step (b) to obtain a solution comprising alkalitaurinate; (d) converting the alkali taurinate of step (c) to taurine;and (e) isolating the taurine of step (d) to form a mother liquorsolution.
 29. The process according to claim 28, wherein the alkalitaurinate is converted to taurine by reacting with an acid.
 30. Theprocess according to claim 29, wherein the acid is selected from thegroup consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and organic carboxylic acid.
 31. Theprocess according to claim 28, wherein the alkali taurinate is convertedto taurine by reacting with an ion exchange resin.
 32. The processaccording to claim 28, wherein the solution comprised of alkaliisethionate and alkali ditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate or a mixtureof alkali ditaurinate and alkali tritaurinate is the mother liquorsolution.
 33. The process according to claim 28, wherein the solutioncomprised of alkali isethionate and alkali ditaurinate or alkalitritaurinate or a mixture of alkali ditaurinate and alkali tritaurinateis prepared by mixing alkali isethionate and the mother liquor solution.34. The process according to claim 28, wherein the molar amount ofalkali hydroxide is at least equal to the molar amount of alkaliditaurinate, alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture.